At the Colony screen:

Shift + 1	Finish all buildings in city    
Shift + 2 	Town Hall disappears  
Shift + 4  	Get $1000  
Shift + 5 	100 more of selected cargo   
Shift + 6 	100 more of selection    
Shift + S 	Promote colonist  
Shift + T 	Add more colonists to city   
Shift + Space 	Turn elapses instantly   

At the Map screen:

Shift + F1 	Make colonists  
Shift + F2 	Show debug info
Shift + F4 	Full map  
Shift + F5 	Set human player  
Shift + F6 	Kill natives   
Shift + F7	Advance revolution status    
Shift + F8	See strategy    
Shift + F9	See colony site ranking    
Shift + F10	Test routine    

Thanks to Revolution readers Julian, Ramunas Dansevichus, Sam Roberts, ChRiS MaLzAhN, Luis Alejandro Delgado, Enrique Wiechers, Niko Vuokko and Alan Giffard!